The Geological Timescale Versus Radiometric Dating

By Paul Nethercott
October 2014

The Neo Archean Period

2,800 To 3,200 Million Years Ago

1. Re-Os Systematics of Mantle Xenoliths,

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 63, Number 7/8, Pages 1203-1217, 1999

Number	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Os/188Os
LB-11	3,400	2,240	2,171
LB-1	4,000	2,530	2,515
LB-9		2,490	2,498
LB-14	3,250	2,800	2,449
LB-16		2,420	2,793
LB-17		2,230	2,367
KAT-1		1,980	2,155
LB-4	1,730	340	1,827
LB-12		330	60
LB-24		2,200	43
LB-34		2,480	2,122
LB-45	180	Future	2,433
LB-50	2,340	980	-1,266
LB-53		710	763
KAT-17		360	469
KAT-5		1,150	76
KAT-12		1,730	943
KAT-14		Future	1,598
LB-59	60	Future	-21,037
LB-15,	1,270	Future	-579
LB-49,		Future	-2,199
Melilitite		Future	-1,119

2. Formation of the North Atlantic Craton,

Chemical Geology, Volume 276, 2010, Pages 166-187

187Os/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os
Age	Model Age	Depletion Age	Eruption
1,816	-3,214	1,990	2,911
2,012	2,745	2,217	2,327
2,295	3,720	2,435	2,632
2,202	3,711	2,356	2,565
2,520	2,778	2,620	2,653
63	935	552	789
2,842	3,951	2,886	3,039
2,285	2,735	2,426	2,490
2,711	5,485	2,761	3,043
2,506	3,428	2,610	2,746
2,321	3,469	2,456	2,623
1,605	2,268	1,858	1,961
2,017	3,920	2,202	2,453
2,781	3,051	2,836	2,876
2,737	3,018	2,800	2,841
2,518	2,985	2,618	2,688
2,829	4,845	2,876	3,106
1,519	3,348	1,808	2,071
1,099	-552	1,460	3,523
2,726	2,961	2,790	2,823
56	775	546	717
2,740	2,899	2,802	2,821
572	1,445	987	1,170
2,829	5,872	2,876	3,165
1,444	2,304	1,723	1,868
2,647	2,966	2,726	2,772
1,942	2,614	2,141	2,244

187Os/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os
Age	Model Age	Depletion Age	Eruption
2,150	3,330	2,313	2,363
2,240	2,769	2,388	2,410
359	1,075	805	846
1,393	-14,258	1,681	1,862
546	-1,066	964	1,274
2,133	3,719	2,299	2,361
1,393	-14,209	1,680	1,861
1,598	3,384	1,852	1,925
1,649	5,325	1,896	2,000
2,246	5,571	2,393	2,485
1,284	-609	1,589	2,170
1,696	2,471	1,935	1,971
-106	600	408	460
2,461	3,359	2,571	2,609
1,610	4,482	1,862	1,957
1,737	2,385	1,969	1,997
1,461	6,994	1,738	2,168
1,894	2,601	2,100	2,210
2,035	2,588	2,218	2,299
1,871	4,331	2,081	2,378
1,583	1,242	1,837	1,980
19,831	5,643	557	545
2,461	-14,258	408	460
-106	6,994	2,571	2,609

3. The Kaapvaal Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle,

Journal Of Petrology, 2007, Volume 48, Number 3, Pages 589-625

Sample	147Sm/144Nd	176Lu/177Hf	Sample	147Sm/144Nd	176Lu/177Hf
K1cpx	1,090	820	LET38gt	30,300	-170
K1gt	-380	1,000	LET64cpx	1,500	860
K3gt	-730	930	LET64gt	-8,150	-320
K13gt	-2,000	1,040	GP404cpx	950	640
K17gt	-170		GP404gt	-830	30
K17cpx	1,030		GP404gt	-1,490
K19cpx	1,340	670	M2cpx	970	610
K21cpx	1,510		M2gt	-1,690	550
K19gt	-270	870	M5cpx	-67,490	1,410
K21gt	-440		M9cpx	1,060	800
K24cpx	830		M9gt	-180
K24gt	-1,760		M9gt	-290	1,730
K27cpx	1,040	200	M13cpx	1,030
K27gt	4,850	3,300	M13gt	25,460
GP402gt	1,270	2,850	M13gt	4,710
GP402gt	2,070		TP5cpx	820
LET2gt	1,630		TP5gt	780
LET38cpx	780	580

4. Uranium, Thorium, And Lead Systematics,

Earth And Planetary Science Letters, Volume 7 (1969) 141-147

207Pb/206Pb	206Pb/238U
4,822	12,638
4,476	13,589
4,424	13,903
4,506	12,810
4,462	14,412
4,434	12,197
3,306	14,794
3,279	12,047

5. Northwest Africa 032,

Meteoritics & Planetarv Science, 2002, Volume 37, Pages 371- 394

40Ar/39Ar	40Ar/39Ar
6,190	2,775
5,780	2,753
5,494	2,745
3,509	2,738
3,284	2,699
3,168	2,687
3,072	2,669
3,068	2,659
2,986	2,443
2,963	2,365
2,949	2,361
2,925	2,356
2,898	2,347
2,870	2,312
2,837	2,308
2,806	2,281
2,800	2,265
2,792

6. Excess Argon In Ultramafic Rocks,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1974, Volume 22, Pages 145 - 156

40Ar/39Ar	40Ar/39Ar
9,840	3,930
7,330	3,890
6,560	3,800
6,200	3,470
6,040	3,270
5,990	3,110
5,580	2,900
5,520	2,860
5,480	2,820
5,120	2,410
4,820	1,030
4,450	580
4,340

7. The Pilbara Craton in Western Australia

http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/ ,

http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/thesis/database/upb/KB746.xls

208Pb/232Th	208Pb/232Th	208Pb/232Th
8,728	5,032	4,310
8,296	5,027	4,309
7,017	4,999	4,304
6,433	4,939	4,270
6,431	4,835	4,232
6,241	4,759	4,219
6,191	4,746	4,214
6,076	4,708	4,199
5,786	4,639	4,168
5,759	4,585	4,146
5,721	4,547	4,146
5,643	4,544	4,138
5,578	4,510	4,087
5,533	4,487	3,968
5,522	4,476	3,815
5,430	4,469	3,788
5,417	4,462	3,780
5,288	4,427	3,771
5,171	4,425	3,581
5,138	4,405	3,489
5,058	4,401	3,334
5,042	4,338	2,792

8. The Pilbara Craton in Western Australia

http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/ ,

www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/thesis/database/upb/KB770.xls

208Pb/232Th	208Pb/232Th	208Pb/232Th	208Pb/232Th
17,500	8,905	7,558	6,164
17,500	8,891	7,493	6,152
14,420	8,891	7,493	6,152
13,259	8,866	7,443	6,083
13,259	8,786	7,443	6,083
13,100	8,768	7,368	6,060
13,100	8,768	7,368	6,052
12,821	8,689	7,343	6,052
12,821	8,689	7,343	5,973
12,662	8,349	7,245	5,885
12,662	8,343	7,240	5,885
12,212	8,343	7,240	5,870
12,212	8,336	7,192	5,803
11,391	8,320	7,192	5,803
11,163	8,320	7,162	5,743
11,163	8,247	7,150	5,743
11,091	8,247	7,148	5,651
11,054	8,232	7,148	5,594
10,959	8,232	7,047	5,594
10,959	8,197	7,047	5,584
10,952	8,197	7,040	5,514
10,783	8,195	7,034	5,512
10,783	8,064	6,918	5,512
10,668	8,064	6,833	5,512
10,668	8,013	6,757	5,512
10,384	8,013	6,579	5,501
10,384	7,949	6,524	5,455
9,945	7,949	6,499	5,455
9,945	7,947	6,488	5,437
9,786	7,947	6,478	5,432
9,580	7,861	6,478	5,432
9,580	7,861	6,466	5,255
9,334	7,827	6,346	5,255
9,148	7,771	6,282	5,253
9,125	7,702	6,270	5,253
9,124	7,702	6,270	5,229
9,124	7,692	6,240	5,229
8,908	7,692	6,202	5,207
8,908	7,612	6,199	5,169
8,905	7,612	6,199	5,159

9. In Situ Measurement of Re-Os Isotopes,

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, Volume 66, Number 6, Pages 1037-1050

187Os/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os
2,940	2,980	3,020
3,578	3,520	3,560
2,187	2,320	2,890
2,809	2,860	2,960
2,171	2,300	-7,120
1,974	2,130	2,780
2,449	2,540	2,620
-2,428	-1,890	-3,540
3,006	3,030	3,350
-1,053	-620	-750
-1,397	-940	-1,100
698	980	2,060
-1,053	-620	-750
-1,790	-1,300	-1,990
1,647	1,830	7,690
-251	130	320
943	1,210	3,280
1,254	1,490	2,750
1,353	1,570	2,010
682	970	2,390
1,745	1,920	2,210
-333	50	120
-1,675	-1,200	1,200
-1,381	-920	3,910

10. Re-Os Isotopes in Mantle Sulfides,

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, Volume 66, Number 6, Pages 1037-1050

187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Os/188Os
2,980	3,020	2,940
3,520	3,560	3,578
2,320	2,890	2,187
2,860	2,960	20,469
2,300	-7,120	20,354
2,130	2,780	20,354
2,540	2,620	20,158
-1,890	-3,540	19,012
3,030	3,350	20,093
-620	-750	19,798
-940	-1,100	19,929
980	2,060	20,060
-620	-750	19,798
-1,300	-1,990	20,256
1,830	7,690	19,962
130	320	20,322
1,210	3,280	20,093
1,490	2,750	20,207
-30	-40	-415
1,570	2,010	20,305
970	2,390	20,125
1,920	2,210	19,732
50	120	20,043
-1,200	1,200	20,256
-920	3,910	20,420

11. Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopes,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 113 (1992) , Pages 107-128

207Pb/206Pb	207Pb/206Pb	238U/206Pb	238U/206Pb
5,077	5,008	22,201	5,201
5,070	5,006	21,813	5,163
5,062	5,005	19,320	5,099
5,060	5,005	16,656	4,812
5,059	5,002	16,200	4,679
5,055	5,001	14,748	4,521
5,051	5,000	13,607	4,348
5,050	4,998	9,878	4,275
5,050	4,998	9,656	4,173
5,045	4,997	9,054	4,148
5,044	4,996	8,242	4,026
5,044	4,993	8,044	3,937
5,044	4,990	7,996	3,827
5,034	4,988	7,590	3,399
5,033	4,984	7,422	3,331
5,033	4,981	7,348	2,734
5,033	4,978	7,335	2,625
5,032	4,975	7,249	2,244
5,030	4,972	7,202	1,389
5,027	4,972	7,019	1,117
5,022	4,971	6,923	746
5,021	4,971	6,848	298
5,018	4,971	6,292	92
5,010	4,966	5,700	58
5,008	4,945	5,218

12. Mechanisms for Incompatible-Element Enrichment,

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2009, Volume 73, Pages 3963-3980

87Rb/86Sr	87Rb/86Sr
13,933	2,925
13,062	2,919
10,052	2,910
4,319	2,903
4,134	2,889
3,701

13. Evolution Beneath the Kaapvaal Craton,

Chemical Geology, Volume 208, 2004, Pages 89-118

187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os	187Re/188Os
78,960	7,090	-70	-2,630	-5,310	-12,100	-40,000
54,400	6,800	-90	-2,920	-5,630	-12,900	-42,700
51,000	6,700	-110	-3,030	-6,020	-13,100	-48,000
31,000	6,410	-180	-3,130	-6,040	-13,600	-48,700
24,100	6,370	-200	-3,210	-6,110	-14,500	-50,200
18,100	6,000	-310	-3,290	-6,270	-16,800	-61,400
16,600	5,900	-330	-3,300	-6,480	-17,100	-62,800
13,000	5,800	-420	-3,410	-7,140	-20,600	-71,500
11,800	5,650	-440	-3,560	-7,650	-20,800	-124,000
11,400	5,400	-570	-3,760	-7,960	-21,700	-279,000
9,400	5,300	-860	-3,830	-8,220	-22,600
9,370	5,110	-1,080	-4,000	-8,250	-22,800
9,300	5,000	-1,240	-4,220	-8,440	-23,900
8,660	4,700	-1,520	-4,250	-8,600	-25,000
8,400	4,590	-1,850	-4,330	-9,390	-29,500
8,200	4,520	-1,880	-4,610	-10,700	-30,400
7,880	4,400	-1,920	-4,950	-10,900	-36,200
7,700	4,380	-1,960	-4,990	-11,000	-36,800
7,200	4,280	-2,480	-5,200	-11,600	-38,600
7,100	4,040	-2,500	-5,280	-11,800	-38,700

187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os	187Os/188Os
-279,000	-48,000	-27,532	-13,369	-8,778	-5,891	-4,250
-259,637	-43,440	-26,451	-13,364	-8,744	-5,868	-4,220
-252,420	-43,142	-26,334	-13,202	-8,718	-5,772	-4,219
-236,953	-42,954	-25,810	-13,100	-8,680	-5,754	-4,000
-230,429	-42,700	-25,000	-12,977	-8,600	-5,672	-3,927
-208,165	-42,420	-23,900	-12,900	-8,574	-5,669	-3,852
-203,940	-40,000	-22,800	-12,289	-8,471	-5,630	-3,830
-137,888	-38,700	-22,600	-12,271	-8,440	-5,561	-3,816
-135,944	-38,600	-21,700	-12,100	-8,250	-5,543	-3,760
-129,775	-37,740	-21,410	-12,057	-8,235	-5,504	-3,756
-127,047	-37,561	-21,101	-11,986	-8,220	-5,319	-3,754
-124,000	-37,397	-20,970	-11,875	-8,173	-5,310	-3,738
-91,855	-36,993	-20,800	-11,800	-7,960	-5,280	-3,729
-90,591	-36,856	-20,600	-11,720	-7,650	-5,200	-3,644
-80,679	-36,800	-20,468	-11,600	-7,140	-5,161	-3,633
-79,038	-36,499	-20,276	-11,276	-7,103	-4,990	-3,560
-78,920	-36,200	-20,036	-11,258	-6,828	-4,950	-3,541
-77,660	-34,293	-19,862	-11,194	-6,662	-4,764	-3,445
-71,500	-33,772	-19,589	-11,000	-6,639	-4,760	-3,410
-68,097	-32,766	-19,554	-10,900	-6,598	-4,749	-3,300
-67,345	-32,376	-19,433	-10,852	-6,576	-4,610	-3,290
-67,305	-32,278	-17,100	-10,700	-6,482	-4,538	-3,210
-66,746	-31,555	-16,800	-9,390	-6,480	-4,451	-3,201
-66,082	-30,823	-16,675	-9,132	-6,270	-4,363	-3,130
-65,440	-30,453	-16,608	-9,075	-6,188	-4,353	-3,124
-62,800	-30,400	-16,314	-9,037	-6,110	-4,330	-3,116
-61,400	-30,343	-16,081	-8,936	-6,040	-4,294	-3,030
-50,200	-30,059	-14,500	-8,931	-6,020	-4,291	-2,986
-48,700	-29,500	-13,600	-8,926	-5,934	-4,260	-2,958

14. Rn-Generated 206Pb,

Mineralogy and Petrology, 1999, Volume 66, Pages 171-191

Pb207/Pb206	Pb207/Pb206
6,451	5,799
6,330	5,763
6,315	5,735
6,217	5,723
6,109	5,711
6,009	4,966

15. Pre-Hercynian Mantle Lead Transfer,

Contributions Mineral Petrology (1985), Volume 90, Pages 162-171

Pb207/Pb206	Pb207/Pb206
5,038	5,024
5,037	5,024
5,030	5,023
5,028	5,022
5,027	5,022
5,027	5,022
5,026	5,022
5,025	5,021

16. Pin Pricking The Elephant,

Geological Society Of London, Special Publications, 2004, Volume 229, Pages 133-150.

208Pb/232Th	206Pb/238U	207Pb/206Pb
12,090	4,579	5,379
12,845	5,498	5,385
14,459	6,936	5,000

17. Dating Discrepancies,

Chemical Geology, 1992, Volume 94, Pages 281 - 291

87Rb/86Sr	87Rb/86Sr	87Rb/86Sr	207Pb/P06Pb
3,020		3,040	5,257
2,890		2,750	5,306
3,040	3,000	2,820	5,284
3,070	2,980	3,010	5,238
3,040		2,720	5,270
2,990		2,440	5,309
2,740	3,020	3,130	5,279
2,760		3,290	5,286
2,780		2,690	5,201
2,760		3,310	5,246
2,730		3,600	5,226
2,530		2,830	5,277
2,530		2,740	5,259
2,510		3,200	5,269
		2,300	5,149
		2,390	4,492
			4,482
		2,000	5,013
			5,059
2,350			4,980
			4,977
2,710	2,790	2,560	5,315
2,340		2,860	5,292
2,240		2,970	5,284
2,320	2,880	2,820	5,268
1,800		2,920	5,271
2,300		2,630	5,303
2,110		3,010	5,293

18. Geochronology of the Deep Profile,

Journal Of Geophysical Research, 1981, Volume 86, Number B11, Pages 10663-10680

208Pb/232Th	206Pb/238U	207Pb/206Pb
64,610	25,894	6,498
50,397	22,874	5,381
40,744	20,347	5,361
33,172	19,156	5,350
28,598	18,933	5,347
26,293	18,341	5,337
18,726	16,498	5,331
18,319	16,394	5,329
15,999	16,373	5,317
14,951	16,120	5,314
14,880	15,949	5,312
14,346	15,794	5,309
14,002	14,623	5,295
13,998	14,580	5,239
13,743	14,220	5,232
13,502	13,743	5,226
12,101	12,171	5,223
11,902	10,837	5,221
11,815	10,737	5,220
11,594	10,175	5,188
11,416	9,657	5,176
11,255	9,496	5,118
11,130	7,902	5,101
10,840	7,250	5,036
10,381	6,722	4,868
10,018	5,324	4,756
8,137	4,615	4,630
5,652	4,441	4,358
	4,230	4,342
	3,865	4,184
	3,245	4,168

19. Ivisaartoq Greenstone Belt,

Gondwana Research, Volume 11 (2007) Page 69-91

207Pb/235U	208Pb/232Th	206Pb/238U	207Pb/206Pb
5,288	2,671	2876	3082
5,162	2,860	2712	2998
5,299	2,586	2955	3046
5,407	2,305	3195	3059
5,302	2,726	2930	3067

20. Uranium-Lead Isotope Method,

Earth And Planetary Science Letters, 1973, Volume 18, Pages 29-36.

207Pb/206Pb	207Pb/235U	206Pb/238U
3,310	3,480	3,850
3,280	3,365	3,695
3,270	3,320	3,395
3,250	3,320	3,335
3,250	3,285	3,330
3,240	3,230	3,295
3,240	3,195	3,275
3,230	3,185	3,225
3,220	3,180	3,160
3,200	3,150	3,130
3,180	3,120	3,115
3,170	3,115	3,040
3,170	3,110	3,030
3,160	3,080	2,990
3,140	3,055	2,920
3,120	3,040	2,820
3,120	3,000	2,810
3,115	2,930	2,765
3,115	2,910	2,760
3,110	2,810	2,680
3,080	2,780	2,335
3,040	2,685	2,190
3,020	2,390	1,910
3,010	2,320	1,790
2,970	2,260	1,505
2,945	2,190	1,490
2,840	2,115	1,470
2,840	1,985	1,165
2,800	1,840	1,050
2,800	1,570	925
2,380	1,432	545

21. Strontium, Neodymium And Lead Compositions,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 75, 1985, Pages 354-368

87Rb/86Sr	Pb207/Pb206
205,093	5,362
189,521	5,352
188,777	5,314
95,450	5,314
52,643	5,311
13,119	5,306
12,220	5,306
11,974	5,259
11,908	5,238
9,960	5,228
9,101	5,197
7,124	5,179
6,022	5,161
5,089	5,156
4,765	5,125

22. Re-Os Systematics,

Lithos, 2003, Volume 71, Pages 323- 336

187Os/188Os	187Re/188Os
-2,870	-13,100
-31,577
-189,403
-86,292	5,860
-78,599
-134,165	3,490
-104,868	4,240
-128,387	4,470
-204,460
-60,138	5,120
-64,933	5,140
-134,361	4,540
-157,160	3,130
-223,004	3,080
-84,475	4,110
-129,271	3,610
-50,236	4,420
-90,809
-8,893	18,500
-95,130	4,090
-5,358	13,800

23. The Kirin Chondrite,

Geochemica Et Cosmochemica Acta, 1981, Volume 45, Pages 2513 - 2517

K/Ar Age	K/Ar Age
4,310	3,740
4,290	3,740
4,200	3,610
4,140	3,110
4,140	3,100
4,090	3,100
4,080	2,610
4,050	2,040
3,980	1,920
3,980	1,460
3,940	970
3,940	680
3,850	530
3,850	520
3,840

References

1.             Re-Os systematics of mantle xenoliths, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 63, Number 7/8, 

Pages 1203-1217, 1999

2.             Formation of the North Atlantic Craton, Chemical Geology, Volume 276, 2010, Pages 166-187

3.             The Kaapvaal Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle, Journal Of Petrology, 2007, Volume 48, Number 3, Pages 589-625

4.             Uranium, Thorium, And Lead Systematics, Earth And Planetary Science Letters, Volume 7 (1969), Pages 141-147

5.             Northwest Africa 032, Meteoritics & Planetarv Science, 2002, Volume 37, Pages 371- 394

6.             Excess Argon In Ultramafic Rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1974, Volume 22, Pages 145 - 156

7.             The Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/ , http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/thesis/database/upb/KB746.xls

8.             The Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, http://www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/ , www.geo.uu.nl/~kikeb/thesis/database/upb/KB770.xls

9.             In situ Measurement of Re-Os Isotopes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, Volume 66, Number 6,

Pages 1037-1050

10.          Re-Os Isotopes in Mantle Sulfides, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, Volume 66, Number 6,

Pages 1037-1050

11.          Sr, Nd, and Pb Isotopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 113 (1992) Pages 107-128

12.          Mechanisms for Incompatible-Element Enrichment, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2009, Volume 73,

Pages 3963-3980

13.          Evolution Beneath the Kaapvaal Craton, Chemical Geology, Volume 208, 2004, Pages 89-118

14.          Rn-Generated 206Pb, Mineralogy and Petrology, 1999, Volume 66, Pages 171-191

15.          Pre-Hercynian mantle lead transfer, Contributions Mineral Petrology (1985), Volume 90, Pages 162-171

16.          Pin Pricking The Elephant, Geological Society Of London, Special Publications, 2004, Volume 229,

Pages 133-150.

17.          Dating Discrepancies, Chemical Geology, 1992, Volume 94, Pages 281 - 291

18.          Geochronology of the Deep Profile, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 1981, Volume 86, Number B11,

Pages 10663-10680

19.          Ivisaartoq Greenstone Belt, Gondwana Research, Volume 11 (2007) Page 69-91

20.          Uranium-Lead Isotope Method, Earth And Planetary Science Letters, 1973, Volume 18, Pages 29-36.

21.          Strontium, Neodymium And Lead Compositions, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 75, 1985,

Pages 354-368

22.          Re-Os Systematics, Lithos, 2003, Volume 71, Pages 323- 336

23.          The Kirin Chondrite, Geochemica Et Cosmochemica Acta, 1981, Volume 45, Pages 2513 - 2517

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