The Geological Timescale Versus Radiometric Dating

By Paul Nethercott
November 2014

 

 

The Calymmian Period

1,600 To 1,800 Million Years Ago

 

1. The Age of Continental Roots,

Lithos, Volume 48, 1999, Pages 184

 

 

187Os/188Os

2,780

3,170

3,490

3,560

3,600

4,030

4,620

4,670

5,180

5,710

6,990

7,060

7,440

8,380

 

 

 

2. Rb/Sr And Sm/Nd Studies,

 Chemical Geology, 1985, Volume 52, Pages 249-271

 

Sample

87Rb/86Sr

87Rb/86Sr

147Sm/144Nd

147Sm/144Nd

Number

Isochron Age

Model Age

Isochron Age

Model Age

K-6

434

1,415

407

970

K-6

487

1,415

407

970

182-2

 

970

 

 

1428-3

 

5,000

418

 

U19-4

403

1,150

877

 

U19-4

405

1,150

877

 

S19-10

 

20,000

447

405

S53-10

 

16,000

 

 

S53-10

 

17,200

 

 

S53-10

 

15,800

 

 

579A-12

 

7,720

 

 

NV52A-14

 

1,690

 

 

NV52B-14

398

580

 

 

IB-51-15

 

1,600

 

660

IB-1

267

4,860

 

 

O-44-4

3,430

 

 

 

SK-59C-8

795

1,010

 

 

AG-11A

358

 

 

 

AG-11B

7,300

 

 

 

N-16-6

 

 

423

1420

579-12

 

 

423

420

779-A-15

 

 

608

 

TYS-1-16

 

 

 

710

TE-4

 

 

598

 

 

 

 

3. The Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag Orebody, Australia,

Precambrian Research, Volume 90 (1998), Pages 203-238

238U/206Pb

238U/206Pb

238U/206Pb

238U/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

11,444

10,086

9,911

9,783

2,929

1,643

1,618

1,597

11,298

10,034

9,905

9,760

2,793

1,639

1,618

1,595

10,909

10,032

9,903

9,760

2,360

1,638

1,616

1,594

10,754

10,032

9,895

9,747

1,920

1,638

1614

1,592

10,620

10,029

9,885

9,736

1,849

1,637

1,614

1,592

10,475

10,021

9,881

9,730

1,807

1,636

1,614

1,591

10,354

10,005

9,881

9,720

1,807

1,636

1,613

1,589

10,317

9,991

9,877

9,704

1,788

1,633

1,612

1,589

10,308

9,986

9,857

9,592

1,777

1,631

1,610

1,588

10,299

9,984

9,833

9,577

1,771

1,631

1,608

1,588

10,275

9,972

9,833

9,577

1,764

1,631

1,607

1,587

10,249

9,965

9,828

9,555

1,746

1,630

1,604

1,582

10,187

9,964

9,826

9,553

1,731

1,629

1,602

1,580

10,149

9,949

9,822

9,463

1,709

1,626

1,599

1,578

10,135

9,946

9,821

9,365

1,695

1,625

1,599

1,576

10,129

9,939

9,812

9,332

1,673

1,625

1,598

1,574

10,117

9,935

9,812

8,633

1,665

1,624

1,598

1,574

10,112

9,934

9,807

8,013

1,662

1,621

1,598

1,569

10,104

9,931

9,804

7,264

1,653

1,619

1,598

1,567

10,090

9,929

9,795

7,252

1,646

1,619

1597

1,528

 

 

4. Implications for Banda Arc Magma Genesis,

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, Volume 59, Number 12, Pages 2573-2598

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

4,991

4,973

4,984

4,972

4,982

4,971

4,981

4,971

4,981

4,970

4,980

4,969

4,978

4,964

4,978

4,964

4,977

4,963

4,976

4,960

4,975

4,959

4,974

4,953

4,973

4,953

4,973

4,933

 

 

 

5. Mineral Age Patterns,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1973, Volume 20, Pages 157 - 170

Mineral

Maximum Age

Minimum Age

Difference

Name

K/Ar

K/Ar

K/Ar

Biotite

3,220

1,733

1,487

Biotite

3,360

2,750

610

Biotite

3,280

2,530

750

Hornblende

3,160

1,612

1,548

Biotite

3,710

1,610

2,100

Biotite

3,165

1,890

1,275

Hornblende

2,620

2,380

240

Hornblende

2,460

2,380

80

Hornblende

3,010

1,637

1,373

Biotite

2,570

1,590

980

Hornblende

2,950

2,640

310

Hornblende

3,200

2,350

850

Muscovite

3,520

1,733

1,787

Biotite

3,440

1,616

1,824

Biotite

5,120

1,581

3,539

Biotite

2,350

1,618

732

Biotite

4,740

2,000

2,740

 

 

6. Controlled Leaching Of Monazites,

Journal Of Geophysical Research, 1967, Volume 72, Number 14, Pages 3587, 3588

Pb207/Pb206

Pb207/U235

Pb206/U238

Pb208/Th232

2,010

1,640

1,360

1,180

2,570

2,380

2,170

2,100

2,010

1,640

1,360

1,180

1,170

1,420

1,590

995

880

930

950

690

880

915

930

900

 

 

7. Indosinian Granitoids,

Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, Volume 50, Number 7, Pages 972-983

207Pb/206Pb

206Pb/238U

208Pb/232Th

5,024

10,658

12,943

5,021

10,805

13,658

5,018

10,917

22,986

5,028

11,810

24,350

5,017

10,552

22,649

5,011

7,695

13,585

5,005

13,155

31,891

5,015

13,173

27,272

 

 

8. Norwegian Caledonides: An isotopic investigation,

 Lithos, Volume 117, 2010, Pages 1-19

87Rb/86Sr

87Rb/86Sr

87Rb/86Sr

87Rb/86Sr

87Rb/86Sr

-31,071

635

1,461

1,814

2,611

-20,034

686

1,464

1,842

2,630

-7,491

704

1,471

1,844

2,711

-6,102

732

1,479

1,850

2,761

-2,394

820

1,482

1,859

3,242

-2,184

919

1,492

1,871

3,454

-2,104

940

1,500

1,878

3,590

-1,220

940

1,515

1,884

3,663

-1,201

951

1,520

1,893

4,009

-1,038

955

1,538

1,902

4,139

-836

963

1,549

1,908

4,153

-685

971

1,549

1,912

4,318

-655

983

1,549

1,925

4,527

-546

1,020

1,559

1,958

4,580

-483

1,021

1,580

1,962

4,849

-249

1,062

1,602

1,966

4,960

-200

1,077

1,606

1,971

5,525

-137

1,083

1,615

1,982

5,788

-90

1,147

1,616

2,020

6,510

5

1,153

1,648

2,031

6,598

36

1,211

1,650

2,073

7,031

119

1,215

1,663

2,078

7,049

133

1,233

1,665

2,081

7,710

139

1,240

1,674

2,085

7,816

181

1,292

1,704

2,103

9,751

258

1,324

1,711

2,103

9,789

370

1,328

1,714

2,121

13,959

423

1,344

1,720

2,286

17,711

488

1,391

1,723

2,305

18,704

500

1,392

1,740

2,320

38,213

516

1,413

1,756

2,519

40,285

577

1,430

1,779

2,543

64,577

582

1,432

1,784

2,592

76,523

625

1,455

1,789

2,594

76,523

 

 

 

9. SHRIMP U-Pb Geochronology,

International Earth Science, 2002, Volume 91, Pages 406-432

208Pb/232Th

207Pb/206Pb

206Pb/238U

207Pb/235U

24,344

6,495

2,941

2,940

8,752

5,457

2,833

2,779

8,682

5,189

2,788

2,735

8,597

4,639

2,775

2,731

8,504

3,428

2,750

2,728

8,464

3,038

2,750

2,719

8,337

2,940

2,725

2,698

8,269

2,740

2,691

2,697

8,241

2,718

2,678

2,693

8,194

2,709

2,678

2,669

7,789

2,704

2,652

2,668

7,003

2,697

2,644

2,666

5,171

2,696

2,233

2,419

622

2,694

2,081

2,349

264

2,684

1,056

1,191

215

2,683

190

19

68

2,669

112

16

67

2,662

102

12

62

2,592

55

11

46

2,580

53

11

44

2,402

53

10

35

1,926

48

9

19

1,447

46

7

8

869

45

7

 

 

44

6

 

 

20

5

 

 

18

4

 

 

16

3

 

 

13

2

 

 

5

2

 

 

9. SHRIMP U-Pb Geochronology,

International Earth Science, 2002, Volume 91, Pages 406-432

 

208Pb/232Th

207Pb/206Pb

206Pb/238U

207Pb/235U

23,355

2,726

3,850

3,115

2,489

2,721

2,825

2,754

2,430

2,710

2,804

2,733

212

2,706

2,800

2,732

170

2,703

2,762

2,730

163

2,695

2,750

2,724

156

2,694

2,741

2,722

145

2,690

2,725

2,700

132

2,682

2,712

2,698

126

2,677

2,703

2,695

113

2,670

2,699

2,685

108

2,670

2,691

2,683

94

2,664

2,648

2,675

93

2,661

2,631

2,668

56

2,651

2,558

2,618

 

 

9. SHRIMP U-Pb Geochronology,

International Earth Science, 2002, Volume 91, Pages 406-432

 

 

208Pb/232Th

207Pb/206Pb

206Pb/238U

207Pb/235U

11,964

3,347

3,356

3,351

3,122

2,825

2,716

2,728

2,712

2,740

2,695

2,715

2,682

2,738

2,691

2,712

2,667

2,737

2,674

2,712

2,661

2,737

2,674

2,709

2,660

2,735

2,652

2,708

2,652

2,732

2,652

2,703

2,650

2,730

2,648

2,692

2,637

2,729

2,644

2,689

2,623

2,728

2,644

2,680

2,611

2,725

2,631

2,652

2,563

2,724

2,627

2,649

2,545

2,723

2,622

2,649

2,537

2,719

2,618

2,647

2,338

2,719

2,592

2,643

2,262

2,717

2,584

2,642

2,248

2,713

2,553

2,640

2,247

2,701

2,501

2,632

2,223

2,699

2,479

2,604

2,069

2,690

2,462

2,587

1,992

2,687

2,422

2,585

1,903

2,686

2,297

2,577

1,637

2,672

1,982

2,538

1,541

2,669

1,935

2,370

1,288

2,669

1,896

2,339

1,050

2,666

1,858

2,321

911

2,662

1,755

2,305

752

2,658

1,701

2,163

488

2,658

1,666

2,159

477

2,649

1,340

1,967

196

2,639

1,329

1,851

122

2,633

1,111

1,756

109

2,490

788

1,483

16

 

39

142

9

 

39

142

6

 

32

142

4

 

32

133

1

 

32

124

1

 

32

124

0

 

13

59

 

 

10. South African Off-Craton Mantle,

Journal of Petrology, 2010, Volume 51, Number 9, Pages 1849-1890

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

45,050

2,730

2,110

1,600

1,270

34,970

2,730

2,090

1,570

1,260

27,290

2,720

2,060

1,560

1,230

10,390

2,670

2,000

1,550

1,200

10,210

2,660

1,980

1,550

1,190

8,310

2,600

1,980

1,540

1,170

6,980

2,570

1,960

1,530

1,130

6,710

2,560

1,960

1,530

1,120

6,590

2,560

1,920

1,530

1,020

5,600

2,530

1,910

1,530

1,000

5,550

2,510

1,880

1,510

980

5,390

2,480

1,860

1,490

970

5,330

2,410

1,820

1,480

930

4,490

2,410

1,810

1,480

900

4,310

2,400

1,770

1,480

580

4,030

2,400

1,730

1,460

420

3,950

2,370

1,730

1,450

-140

3,750

2,360

1,720

1,450

-1,540

3,280

2,340

1,710

1,410

-1,620

3,230

2,300

1,700

1,380

-4,440

3,210

2,270

1,650

1,370

-4,480

3,170

2,250

1,640

1,360

-5,910

3,020

2,220

1,640

1,340

-6,100

3,010

2,210

1,620

1,320

-10,700

2,880

2,160

1,620

1,310

-13,380

2,850

2,140

1,620

1,300

-14,570

2,830

2,140

1,620

1,290

-33,780

2,810

2,130

1,610

1,290

-76,300

2,780

2,130

1,610

1,290

 

 

 

 

 

187Os/188Os

187Os/188Os

187Os/188Os

187Os/188Os

2,480

1,682

1,092

780

2,467

1,539

1,079

776

2,354

1,521

1,076

731

2,325

1,461

1,038

703

2,256

1,461

1,025

664

2,189

1,449

1,019

628

2,173

1,410

1,004

588

2,156

1,353

976

555

2,137

1,325

973

420

2,115

1,285

948

362

2,073

1,267

901

346

2,009

1,218

896

68

1,963

1,212

884

-70

1,917

1,210

865

-3,407

1,829

1,181

827

-5,834

1,793

1,155

806

-5,877

1,778

1,122

796

-31,808

1,734

1,107

785

-56,679

 

 

11. In Situ Analysis of Sulphides,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, Volume 203, Pages 651-663

187Os/188Os

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

2,056

2,130

3,630

-497

-160

850

-300

10

-100

-88

210

-300

1,058

1,300

8,800

387

700

-2,350

1,500

1,640

1,710

-513

-180

-200

436

740

790

2,760

2,750

8,300

551

790

-9,500

812

1,080

34,000

616

910

-17,400

1,614

1,740

3,240

1,009

1,200

5,200

1,091

1,330

4,350

2,089

2,160

2,450

-7,600

-7,060

1,160

-350

30

50

 

 

187Os/188Os

187Re/188Os

187Re/188Os

60

340

590

256

520

560

-2,248

-1,790

6,700

-1,593

-1,120

-2,000

1,353

1,570

2,010

682

970

2,390

1,745

1,920

2,220

-333

50

120

-1,675

-1,200

1,200

-1,381

-920

3,930

-1,053

-680

-830

-1,397

-1,000

-1,170

698

920

1,930

-1,053

-680

-830

-1,790

-1,360

-2,080

1,647

1,770

7,400

-251

60

150

943

1,140

3,110

1,254

1,420

2,620

-415

-30

-50

551

790

2,190

371

630

1,420

-1,855

-1,420

-1,430

1,549

1,680

16,000

 

 

12. Lead Isotopic Study Of Young Volcanic Rocks,

Earth and Planetarv Science Letters, Volume 46 (1980) Pages 221-232

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

5,239

5,009

4,999

4,984

4,955

4,919

4,899

5,026

5,009

4,999

4,983

4,948

4,918

4,892

5,022

5,008

4,999

4,982

4,947

4,918

4,892

5,021

5,008

4,998

4,981

4,945

4,918

4,890

5,018

5,008

4,997

4,981

4,943

4,918

4,890

5,018

5,008

4,997

4,979

4,941

4,918

4,888

5,017

5,007

4,997

4,977

4,940

4,917

4,885

5,017

5,007

4,997

4,977

4,940

4,917

4,881

5,015

5,006

4,995

4,977

4,939

4,915

4,874

5,014

5,006

4,994

4,976

4,939

4,915

4,867

5,013

5,003

4,993

4,976

4,938

4,915

4,853

5,012

5,002

4,992

4,974

4,937

4,914

4,853

5,012

5,002

4,992

4,973

4,935

4,913

4,850

5,011

5,002

4,992

4,972

4,933

4,912

4,849

5,011

5,001

4,989

4,971

4,932

4,911

4,846

5,011

5,001

4,988

4,969

4,932

4,910

4,846

5,011

5,001

4,987

4,969

4,927

4,909

4,846

5,010

5,001

4,987

4,968

4,927

4,909

4,846

5,010

5,000

4,986

4,967

4,925

4,907

4,845

5,010

5,000

4,986

4,965

4,924

4,907

4,844

5,010

4,999

4,986

4,964

4,923

4,906

4,841

5,010

4,999

4,985

4,963

4,923

4,905

4,840

5,010

4,999

4,985

4,963

4,922

4,904

 

5,009

4,999

4,985

4,962

4,921

4,902

 

5,009

4,999

4,984

4,958

4,921

4,899

 

 

 

13. Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Compositions,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 244 (2006) Page 251-269

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

5,446

5,384

5,444

5,392

5,411

5,386

5,458

5,386

5,394

5,371

5,386

5,370

5,392

5,369

5,392

5,372

5,391

5,371

5,403

 

 

 

 

14. 190Pt/186Os and 187Re/187Os systematics,

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 177 (2000) Pages 319-335

187Os/188Os

187Os/188Os

1,782

-336

1,782

-337

1,782

-337

1,781

-337

1,781

-340

1,781

-341

1,780

-342

322

-352

-72

-415

-72

-416

-72

-417

-73

-417

-244

-488

-244

-488

-245

-488

-246

-489

-334

 

 

 

 

15. 207Pb/206Pb And 40Ar/39Ar Ages SW Montana,

Precambrian Research, 2002, Volume 117, Pages 119 - 143

40Ar/39Ar

40Ar/39Ar

207Pb/206Pb

3,842

1,740

5,049

1,997

1,737

5,015

1,854

1,728

5,011

1,854

1,717

5,005

1,853

1,715

4,939

1,852

1,710

4,843

1,852

1,695

4,805

1,846

1,693

4,572

1,821

1,690

4,522

1,819

1,687

4,471

1,818

1,675

4,420

1,814

1,673

4,316

1,813

1,673

4,235

1,806

1,658

4,178

1,800

1,649

4,150

1,798

1,639

4,042

1,775

1,632

3,942

1,773

1,620

3,444

1,772

1,604

3,228

1,758

1,586

2,866

1,758

1,548

2,759

1,748

1,547

2,733

1,729

1,405

2,644

1,687

1,377

2,548

1,668

1,375

2,138

1,667

1,266

1,911

1,651

1,199

1,895

1,456

1,056

1,848

482

199

 

119

80

 

107

29

 

80

26

 

 

 

 

16. Isotopic Discrepancies in Black Hills, South Dakota,

Geochemica Et Cosmochemica Acta, 1970, Volume 34, Pages 713 - 725

Table 5.

 

Rb-Sr Date

Rb-Sr Date

Sample/Mines

Mineral Type

Million Years

Billion Years

Hugo Mine

Albite

7,100

7.1

Hugo Mine

Montebrasite

4,700

4.7

Hugo Mine

Spodumene

1,500

1.5

Hugo Mine

Apatite

900,000

900

Hugo Mine

Lithiophyllite

53,000

53

Tin Mountain

Montebraeite

36,000

36

Tin Mountain

Spodumene

1,400

1.4

Tin Mountain

Apatite

75,000

75

Bob Ingersoll Mine

Montebrasite

81,000

81

Bob Ingersoll Mine

Spodumene

1,800

1.8

Bob Ingersoll Mine

Apatite

460,000

460

 

 

17. The Homestake Gold Deposit,

Precambrian Research, Volume 172 (2009), Pages 1–24

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

5,185

5,133

5,090

5,026

4,936

5,184

5,132

5,090

5,025

4,929

5,183

5,132

5,087

5,020

4,928

5,183

5,131

5,071

5,018

4,928

5,175

5,125

5,070

5,012

4,926

5,169

5,124

5,068

5,010

4,923

5,163

5,120

5,068

5,002

4,908

5,162

5,120

5,067

4,999

4,883

5,159

5,119

5,067

4,999

4,880

5,156

5,119

5,064

4,994

4,874

5,149

5,117

5,060

4,977

4,858

5,147

5,117

5,058

4,973

4,857

5,146

5,116

5,058

4,972

4,831

5,146

5,113

5,057

4,965

4,830

5,145

5,106

5,056

4,957

4,807

5,144

5,104

5,053

4,957

4,803

5,143

5,101

5,050

4,955

4,796

5,142

5,101

5,044

4,951

4,796

5,141

5,093

5,038

4,949

4,792

5,138

5,090

5,027

4,941

4,791

 

 

 

18. The Archean-Proterozoic Boundary,

Precambrian Research, 2007, Volume 157, Pages 80 - 105

206Pb/238U

206Pb/238U

207Pb/235U

207Pb/235U

207Pb/206Pb

207Pb/206Pb

1,954

1,328

1,853

1,522

1,890

1,779

1,840

1,318

1,804

1,500

1,890

1,779

1,820

1,297

1,794

1,492

1,867

1,778

1,788

1,285

1,783

1,483

1,863

1,777

1,779

1,282

1,778

1,481

1,850

1,776

1,754

1,277

1,756

1,456

1,838

1,775

1,746

1,248

1,754

1,419

1,829

1,772

1,731

1,186

1,750

1,416

1,828

1,771

1,731

1,180

1,745

1,401

1,825

1,771

1,711

1,137

1,742

1,377

1,824

1,770

1,709

1,121

1,741

1,346

1,822

1,769

1,630

1,064

1,704

1,313

1,804

1,767

1,620

1,053

1,699

1,309

1,803

1,767

1,604

1,019

1,698

1,283

1,803

1,765

1,599

935

1,698

1,243

1,800

1,763

1,595

905

1,692

1,234

1,795

1,762

1,576

892

1,691

1,154

1,791

1,759

1,575

857

1,689

1,136

1,791

1,758

1,550

828

1,664

1,130

1,783

1,755

1,526

776

1,634

1,084

1,782

1,755

1,500

718

1,614

1,034

1,782

1,741

1,499

666

1,590

1,012

1,782

1,740

1,421

580

1,582

902

1,781

1,740

1,418

553

1,576

893

1,781

1,712

1,365

528

1,537

838

1,780

1,634

1,350

515

1,526

826

1,780

1,631

 

 

 

References

 

 

1.             The Age of Continental Roots, Lithos, Volume 48, 1999, Pages 184

 

2.             Rb-Sr And Sm-Nd Studies, Chemical Geology, 1985, Volume 52, Pages 249-271

 

3.             The Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag Orebody, Australia, Precambrian Research, Volume 90 (1998), Pages 203-238

 

4.             Implications for Banda Arc Magma Genesis, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, Volume 59, Number 12, Pages 2573-2598

 

5.             Mineral Age Patterns, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1973, Volume 20, Pages 157 - 170

 

6.             Controlled Leaching Of Monazites, Journal Of Geophysical Research, 1967, Volume 72, Number 14,

Pages 3587, 3588

 

7.             Indosinian granitoids, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, Volume 50, Number 7, Pages 972-983

 

8.             Norwegian Caledonides: An isotopic investigation, Lithos, Volume 117, 2010, Pages 1-19

 

9.             SHRIMP U-Pb Geochronology, International Earth Science, 2002, Volume 91, Pages 406-432

 

10.          South African Off-Craton Mantle, Journal of Petrology, 2010, Volume 51, Number 9, Pages 1849-1890

 

11.          In Situ Analysis of Sulphides, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, Volume 203, Pages 651-663

 

12.          Lead Isotopic Study Of Young Volcanic Rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 46 (1980)

Pages 221-232

 

13.          Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Compositions, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 244 (2006) Page 251-269

 

14.          190Pt/186Os and 187Re/187Os systematics, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 177 (2000)

Pages 319-335

 

15.          207Pb-206Pb And 40Ar-39Ar Ages SW Montana, Precambrian Research, 2002, Volume 117, Pages 119 - 143

 

16.          Isotopic discrepancies in Black Hills, South Dakota, Geochemica Et Cosmochemica Acta, 1970, Volume 34,

Pages 713 - 725

 

17.          The Homestake Gold Deposit, Precambrian Research, Volume 172 (2009) , Pages 1–24

 

18.          The Archean-Proterozoic Boundary, Precambrian Research, 2007, Volume 157, Pages 80 - 105

 

19.          The Pt–Re–Os isotopic systems, Lithos, Volume 82, 2005, Pages 249-272

 

 

 

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